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Research Note Description:	TCP/IP is based on a four-layer reference model. All protocols that belong to the TCP/IP protocol suite are located in the top three layers of this model. <ul> <li> <b>Application:</b> Defines TCP/IP application protocols and how host programs interface with transport layer services to use the network. </li> <li> <b>Transport:</b> Provides communication session management between host computers. Defines the level of service and status of the connection used when transporting data. </li> <li> <b>Internet:</b> Packages data into IP datagrams, which contain source and destination address information that is used to forward the datagrams between hosts and across networks. </li> <li> <b>Network Interface:</b> Specifies details of how data is physically sent through the network, including how bits are electrically signaled by hardware devices that interface directly with a network medium, such as coaxial cable, optical fiber, or twisted-pair copper wire. </li> </ul> <p><center><img src="note_67.gif"></center> Another feature of TCP/IP is testing of connections. Usually, when connecting Windows 95 systems, NetBEUI is used as network protocol, because the Microsoft "win95-server" can be most easily setup with NetBEUI protocol (you can also use TCP/IP or IPX/SPX, but that is a little more complicated). When you think that everything is setup properly, but you CANNOT get any connection, you need to establish first what went wrong in the complete setup. <p><center><img SRC="note_67_b.gif"></center><p> You also need to decide whether you have a Hardware or Software problem. For that, the TCP/IP protocol supplied with Windows 95/98/ME/NT4/2000 offers a small, but powerful tool called : 'ping'. TCP/IP PING can also be used to test WAN connections. <p><center><img SRC="note_67_c.gif"></center><p> Now the question arises: What is ping actually doing? Remember the old war movies with submarines, where they are searching for each other sending out a search-signal, which sounds like 'ping' and where they get back an echo from another submarine? That is EXACTLY, what the 'ping' utility does in searching for other computers on the network! <p><center><img SRC="note_67_d.gif"></center><p>
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Prof. Ashay Dharwadker